2.8.Layer 7: The Application Layer
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Examples of the application services residing at the application layer include file sharing and e-mail.
Some applications’ services (for example, some networked printers) periodically send out advertisements, making the availability of their service known to other devices on the network.
Other services, however, register themselves and their services with a centralized directory (for example, Microsoft Active Directory), which can be queried by other network devices seeking such services.